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Q8. a) What is the Crude Oil Washing (COW) procedure on oil tankers, and how does it enhance the efficiency of cargo operations? Outline the steps involved in the COW process. (12)

b) Discuss the safety precautions that must be observed during Crude Oil Washing to prevent accidents and environmental hazards. Additionally, explain the regulatory requirements governing COW operations as per MARPOL and other relevant guidelines. (8)