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Q5.a) Explain how a force normal to the rudder is produced when the rudder is turned to a helm angle.

b) Define the term centre of effort as applied to a rudder.

c) Describe how the position of centre of effort changes as helm angle increases.

d) Explain the term balanced, describing the benefits of fitting a balanced rudder.

e) Describe, with the aid of a sketch, how an angle of heel is produced due to the force on the rudder.