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Q1. (a) What is significance of the area under the curve of statical stability or the GZ curve? Explain using a neat diagram, how this curve is used to assess the stability of the ship against a heeling arm.

(b) In a grain carrier, how the shifting of grain affects the curve of statical stability. With a neat diagram explain the existing minimum criteria for stability of grain carrying ships. (8).

Q7. With respect to trim and stability, describe the following - A. Effects on centre of gravity of slack tanks; B. Effect on stability of ice formation on superstructure; C. Effects of wind and waves on ship’s stability; D. Effect of water absorption by deck cargo and retention of water on deck.

Q5. a) Sketch the curve of statistical stability for a ship with positive initial GM and indicate the following clearly: maximum value of GM, angle of heel at which maximum GZ occurs, angle of vanishing stability, Range of positive stability, Initial GM. (10)

b) What is dynamical stability and how can it be ascertained from the curve. (6)