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Q7. With reference to steels used in shipbuilding and marine engineering:

(a) describe EACH of the following types of failure;

(i) Brittle failure;

(ii) Ductile failure.

(b) Explain the term ductile to brittle transition stating the factor that determines ductile to brittle transition.

(c) Describe a test to determine the value of brittle fracture of a specimen test piece.

Q2. (a) Materials used for hull and machinery are subject to stress and strain in service.

Define EACH of the following:

(i) types of stress;              (ii) types of strain

(b) Describe the tests that may be carried out on steel to be used for ships side plating.(5)

Q8. Explain why a material may fracture when stressed below its yield point. Give examples of components which might fracture in this way if suitable precautions are not taken. Explain how such fractures can be avoided with reference to the materials chosen, careful design and workmanship.

Q2.a) Define fatigue and fracture and specify the conditions under which it occurs.

b) Describe the different fracture modes and the mechanism of crack propagation in different fracture modes.

Q6.a) Define the cause and effect of thermal stressing in cylinder heads, liners, and pistons.

Explain why thermal stressing is aggravated with an increase in the cylinder bore.

Explain how stress concentration and it's effects is relieved by maintenance and operational practices.

Q9. (a) Describe the properties of each of the following alloys used in marine engineering, giving a practical example for which, each is suited:

(i) cupro-nickel

(ii) white metal

(iii) titanium.

b) Discuss the merits of EACH of the following alloys for use in the casting of large propellers:

(i) nickel aluminium bronze (ii) stainless steel.

c) Describe the tests that may be carried out on steel to be used for ship's side plating.

Q8.  With reference to fatigue of engineering components;

(a) Draw an S/N curve for steel, showing the fatigue limit and two representative stress cycle condition on the graph

(b) Explain how a component is designed to avoid fatigue failure, suiting the S/N curve drawn in part (a)

(c) Explain how poor maintenance and incorrect machinery operation can result in fatigue failure even though a component is designed to operate below the fatigue limit.