Q3. With reference to Marine Insurance, write short notes on the following:
(a) Port of Refuge
(b) Particular Average and General Average
(c) Total Loss and Constructive Loss. (16)
Q6. a)" General average is based on certain essential features" -Discuss the statement.
b) A large vessel ran aground. Main engine was used in ahead and astern directions to shake the vessel loose from the ground. Due to excessive load some bearings of the main engine got burnt. Can this damage be included in the general average? Give justification to your answer.
Q6.a) Define P&I insurance and H&M insurance, outlining the main differences between them in terms of coverage and purpose within the maritime industry. Why are both types of insurance essential for shipowners? (8)
b) Discuss the typical risks covered by P&I insurance and H&M insurance. Provide examples of incidents where each type of insurance would respond, highlighting their roles in managing liabilities and operational risks. (8)
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