Q1. Several casualties have been reported involving ships carrying Bauxite as cargo. Discuss the causes of such casualties and the specific care and action be taken, taking into account the provisions of relevant IMO instruments, when handling and carrying bauxite in bulk.
Q2. a) Discuss the concept of CII (Carbon Intensity Indicator) as adopted in MARPOL and the commercial impact of CII in shipping business. (10)
b) Discuss shortcomings of the current CII concept being faced by the industry and remedial measures adopted. (6)
Q3. Explain the concepts of "Particular Average" and "General Average". What are the circumstances when a general average can be declared? Who are average adjusters and what is their role in general average loss situations? (16)
Q4. What is Maritime Lien? How does this lien travel with property? Explain the associated terms "In Rem" and "In personam". Which convention deals with maritime lien? Give the order of settlement of various debtor's claims after legal action as per this convention. (16)
Q7. Describe the background and relevance of the International Convention on Civil Liability for Bunker Oil Pollution Damage, 2001. Discuss the following under Bunker Conventions, comparing with other similar Conventions such as CLC’92.
(a) Pollution damage & Exclusions. (4)
(b) Time limits for claims. (4)
(c) Liability of Ship owner & Limitations of Liability. (4)
(d) Compulsory Insurance & Financial Security. (4)
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