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Q3. Explain the concept of underwater radiated noise (URN) generated by ships. Identify its primary sources and discuss the effects of such noise on marine life. (8)

b) Describe the international guidelines and best practices aimed at reducing underwater noise (e.g., IMO MEPC.1/Circ.833). What operational, design and maintenance measures can be implemented to minimize underwater noise? Also, explain the role of the Chief Engineer in ensuring compliance. (8)