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Q1. (a) Enumerate the three main principles of LLMC (Limitation of Liability for Maritime Claims) convention 1976 and explain its linkage with two other IMO Liability and compensation Conventions. (5)

(b) Discuss what are the different liabilities covered under the LLMC (Limitation of Liability for Maritime Claims) Convention 1976. (5)

(c) Discuss the principles of the International Salvage Convention 1989, as established by the IMO, Furthermore, examine the rationale for extending liability limitation to salvors under the LLMC Convention, and specify the current liability limit applicable to them. (6)

Q2. a) Discuss the concept of CII (Carbon Intensity Indicator) as adopted in MARPOL and the commercial impact of CII in shipping business. (10)

b) Discuss shortcomings of the current CII concept being faced by the industry and remedial measures adopted. (6)

Q2. a) Discuss the application of formal safety assessment in carriage of lithium battery in vehicles, containers and in RO-RO ships. (10)

b) State various measures that are required to be taken by stakeholders to address the safety challenges in the carriage of such cargoes onboard ships. (6)

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a) Discuss the application of formal safety assessment in carriage of lithium battery in vehicles and containers and in RORO ships. (10)

b) State various measures to be taken by stakeholders in minimizing the incidents in the above instance. (6)

Q9. a) How is Human Element issue addressed in STCW Code? (6)

b) Critically examine the impact of fatigue on seafarer performance. Identify the measures adopted by the IMO in this regard. What measures can a shipping company implement to mitigate these risks in compliance with international regulations? (10)

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A) How is Human Element issue addressed in STCW code. (8)

B) Discuss the IMO guidance on fatigue mitigation and management on board ships. (8)

Q9. What do you understand by “Unseaworthy vessels” within the meaning of the Merchant Shipping Act (MSA), 1958, as amended? What according to you is the difference between “Unseaworthy ships” and “Unsafe ships”. What are the obligations of owners to crew with respect seaworthiness. (16)

Q6. a)"General average is based on certain essential features" -Discuss the statement. (8)

b) A large vessel ran aground. Main engine was used in ahead and astern directions to shake the vessel loose from the ground. Due to excessive load some bearings of the main engine got burnt. Can this damage be included in the general average? Give justification to your answer.

Q1. Discuss the procedure of entry into force of an IMO convention after its adoption? State the provision and its importance towards entry into force of the convention. For a convention of important technical nature state, the general rules/conditions observed by the states for its entry into force. Explain the terms (i) Accession (ii) Signature subject to Ratification, acceptance or approval. (16)

Q8. Discuss the revised GHG (Green House Gas) strategy of the IMO and amendments being considered under MARPOL Annex VI, including the inclusion of new Chapter-V to achieve the decarbonisation goal and transition to a Net Zero future in shipping. (16)

Q9. a) As per UNCLOS what are the sovereign rights and jurisdictions applicable to the coastal state and Flag state of the vessel in various maritime zones of the coastal state? Explain your answer suitable explanations. (10)

(b) A cadet goes missing from the vessel in the Exclusive Economic zone of India which laws will apply and what actions will be taken as per the applicable laws? (6)